What was the 18th Amendment? How did people find ways to still drink?
The 18th Amendment to the U.Due south. Constitution–which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors–ushered in a menstruum in American history known as Prohibition. Prohibition was ratified by the states on January 16, 1919 and officially went into event on January 17, 1920, with the passage of the Volstead Act. Despite the new legislation, Prohibition was hard to enforce. The increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor (known every bit "bootlegging"), the proliferation of speakeasies (illegal drinking spots) and the accompanying ascent in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support for Prohibition by the end of the 1920s. In early 1933, Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The 21st Amendment was ratified on Dec 5, 1933, ending Prohibition.
Origins of Prohibition
In the 1820s and '30s, a moving ridge of religious revivalism swept the United States, leading to increased calls for temperance, as well as other "perfectionist" movements such as the abolitionist movement to terminate slavery. In 1838, the state of Massachusetts passed a temperance police banning the sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon quantities; though the law was repealed ii years subsequently, it set a precedent for such legislation. Maine passed the first state prohibition laws in 1846, followed by a stricter constabulary in 1851. A number of other states had followed arrange by the time the Ceremonious War began in 1861.
Past the plow of the century, temperance societies were a mutual fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong office in the temperance motility, as booze was seen as a subversive force in families and marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in 1893) and driven by a reaction to urban growth, every bit well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly. In add-on, many manufacturing plant owners supported prohibition in their desire to preclude accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours.
READ MORE: See All the Crafty Means Americans Hid Alcohol During Prohibition
Passage of the Prohibition Subpoena
In 1917, afterwards the U.s. entered Globe War I, President Woodrow Wilson instituted a temporary wartime prohibition in gild to save grain for producing food. That aforementioned year, Congress submitted the 18th Subpoena, which banned the industry, transportation and auction of intoxicating liquors, for state ratification. Though Congress had stipulated a seven-year time limit for the process, the amendment received the support of the necessary three-quarters of U.Due south. states in only eleven months.
Ratified on January 16, 1919, the 18th Subpoena went into effect a twelvemonth later, by which time no fewer than 33 states had already enacted their own prohibition legislation. In October 1919, Congress put along the National Prohibition Act, which provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. Championed by Representative Andrew Volstead of Minnesota, the chairman of the Business firm Judiciary Committee, the legislation was more normally known as the Volstead Act.
Roll to Continue
Enforcement of Prohibition
Both federal and local government struggled to enforce Prohibition over the course of the 1920s. Enforcement was initially assigned to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and was later transferred to the Justice Department and the Agency of Prohibition, or Prohibition Bureau. In general, Prohibition was enforced much more strongly in areas where the population was sympathetic to the legislation–mainly rural areas and small towns–and much more loosely in urban areas. Despite very early on signs of success, including a decline in arrests for drunkenness and a reported xxx percent drop in alcohol consumption, those who wanted to keep drinking found always-more inventive ways to exercise it. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor (known as "bootlegging") went on throughout the decade, along with the operation of "speakeasies" (stores or nightclubs selling booze), the smuggling of alcohol across land lines and the informal production of liquor ("moonshine" or "bathtub gin") in individual homes.
In add-on, the Prohibition era encouraged the rise of criminal activity associated with bootlegging. The most notorious instance was the Chicago gangster Al Capone, who earned a staggering $sixty million annually from bootleg operations and speakeasies. Such illegal operations fueled a corresponding ascension in gang violence, including the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929, in which several men dressed every bit policemen (and believed to be have associated with Capone) shot and killed a group of men in an enemy gang.
Prohibition Comes to an End
The loftier price of bootleg liquor meant that the nation's working class and poor were far more restricted during Prohibition than middle or upper class Americans. Even as costs for police force enforcement, jails and prisons spiraled upward, support for Prohibition was waning by the end of the 1920s. In addition, fundamentalist and nativist forces had gained more control over the temperance movement, alienating its more moderate members.
With the country mired in the Great Depression by 1932, creating jobs and revenue by legalizing the liquor manufacture had an undeniable appeal. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president that year on a platform calling for Prohibition'due south repeal, and easily won victory over the incumbent President Herbert Hoover. FDR'south victory meant the end for Prohibition, and in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Subpoena to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The subpoena was submitted to the states, and in December 1933 Utah provided the 36th and final necessary vote for ratification. Though a few states continued to prohibit booze later Prohibition's end, all had abased the ban by 1966.
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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/prohibition
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